Furthermore, TGF-β1 stimulated eosinophils to produce extracellular matrix (ECM) including COL4A6 and LAMA5, ITGA3, and ECM proteolysis associated proteins including MMP2 and SERPINE1 (Fig. 6G), thus suggesting a potential contribution of the activated eosinophils in airway tissue remodeling in EA. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Esophageal atresia.