To confirm IL-5-dependent activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway in eosinophils from EA patients indicated by the scRNAseq, we measured the expression of TGF-β receptors, TβRII and TβRIII, in eosinophils from various patient groups ex vivo (Figs. 6A and 6B and Supplementary Fig. 8A). Here, TGFBR2 is linked to Esophageal atresia.