CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Shimada et al. evaluated serum-derived exosomal PD-L1 in 120 patients with NSCLC (stage I-III) receiving surgical resection and reported that patients with higher exosomal PD-L1 (≥ 166 pg/mL) showed trends of worse recurrence-free survival (p = 0.163) [66].