SMAD3 and neoplasm: As displayed in Fig. 9A–C, tumor volume and weight were increased in mice treated with H460/oe-SMAD3 + Gy or H460/CAFs + Gy, and conversely, H460/oe-SMAD3 + sh-ITGA6 + Gy or H460/CAFs + sh-ITGA6 + Gy led to reduced tumor volume and weight.