TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Loss of responsiveness to anti-TNF therapies in IBD might also be due to increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which break down anti-TNF antibodies [94], and heightened clearance of TNF-anti-TNF antibody complexes through Fc receptor-mediated endocytosis, leading to proteolytic degradation [77] and contributing to secondary loss of response in IBD patients [95].