Moreover, following the secondary infection, T-UROEE, T-CsNPs and T-UROEE-CsNPs groups revealed significant (P < 0.05) downregulation in IL-6 expression by ~ 0.30, 0.14 and 0.53-fold, respectively, at 0 DPSI and by ~ 0.11, 0.70 and 0.11-fold, respectively at 6 DPSI, when compared to the positive control group (Fig. 29). The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is infection.