Notably, gut microbiota metabolites indirectly influence the course of AP by interacting with immune molecules, such as bifidobacteria, through its metabolite lactate and interfering with the TLR4/MyD88 and NLRP3/Caspase1 pathways to alleviate AP symptoms (Li et al. 2022a). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and alkaline phosphatase measurement.