This mechanism has been used to treat cancers via immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)45 and to preliminarily relieve autoimmune disease with PD-1 agonists.72,73 We observed high expressions of CD64 (FcγRI) and CD32 (FcγRII) on myeloid cells in human AS plaques (Supplementary information, Fig. S10c–e). Here, FCGR1A is linked to autoimmune disease.