SMAD2 and neoplasm: Numerous signaling molecules orchestrate the formation and functionality of NETs, among which, TGF-β, a cytokine of multifaceted functionality, has been spotlighted for its intimate involvement in tumor progression and metastasis, acting notably through the activation of the Smad signaling cascade, especially the Smad2/3 complex, modulating myriad gene expressions [22–26].