CSF3 and vascular dementia: In terms of treatment for cognitive impairment, a multicenter randomized controlled trial involving 168 patients found that donepezil did not significantly improve symptoms of vascular dementia.[18] Recent animal model studies indicate that administering hematopoietic growth factors, such as stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, either alone or in combination, may have potential benefits during the acute, subacute, or even chronic stages of ischemic stroke.[19,20]