EVs derived from various eukaryotic cells including rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs), rat AF cells (rAFCs), and rat NP cells (rNPCs) were purified via differential ultracentrifugation, and ATR-overexpressing plasmids (ATR-EVs) or vector plasmids (vector-EVs) were subsequently loaded via lipofection (Figure 14A). The gene discussed is ATR; the disease is atrial fibrillation.