The findings of this study demonstrated a similar pattern of DGE to the mice studies, with decreased expression of MSTN and increased expression of FST in the iliopsoas (I) muscle of SMA patients, as well as increased expression of FST in the diaphragm (D) (Fig. 1C, Supplementary Table 1 in Supplementary material). Here, MSTN is linked to proximal spinal muscular atrophy.