TNF and COVID-19: In a study comparing cytokine concentrations pre- and post-COVID-19 vaccination among individuals without a history of COVID-19 positive test, inflammation markers (i.e., c-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins-1β, 6, 8, and 10) were elevated 8–16 days post-vaccination, compared with pre-vaccination period, and larger increase noted for adenovirus-based compared to mRNA-based vaccines [24].