They were selected based on their ability to target PLAU, IRF1, SOCS3, and ETS2. This result aligns with the use of approved combined oral contraceptives, which often contain synthetic estrogens like ethinylestradiol, and are prescribed to alleviate PCOS-related hyperandrogenic skin symptoms such as acne and hirsutism65,66. Here, IRF1 is linked to acne.