The cellular and exosomal miR-5100 could directly repress the expression of QKI in HNSCC cells and NFs respectively, leading to the reinforcement of invasion capacity of HNSCC cells and the conversion of CAFs which in turn further strengthens tumor malignancies partially through activating critical signaling in HNSCC (Fig. 7C). Here, QKI is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.