TNF and colorectal carcinoma: Intestinal dysbacteriosis stimulates macrophage activation, which promotes the production and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and elevated peripheral IL-6 and TNF-α subsequently support the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process of CRC that contributes to tumor progression and metastasis [77].