TLR4 and colorectal carcinoma: These bacteria can also indirectly promote CRC by affecting host signaling pathways such as E-cadherin/β-catenin, Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4)/myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and smoothened (SMO)/rat sarcoma virus (RAS)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway [76].