TP53 and cancer: In the tumor model, autophagy is activated under certain extracellular conditions (hypoxia, low levels of growth factors and nutrients, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lactate) by the oncogenes p53 and rat sarcoma (Ras) to maintain the survival of cancer cells and tumor progression (Poillet-Perez et al., 2015; Brisson et al., 2016).