Interestingly, TNFα is increased in the serum of patients with type 1 diabetes (59) and both Etanercept (a recombinant soluble TNFα receptor fusion protein, that binds TNFα) and Golimumab (anti-TNFα antibody) has been shown to lower HbA1c levels and promote insulin production in children/young adults with new-onset T1D (60, 61). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.