TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Given that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory condition influenced by a multitude of pro-inflammatory factors, with TNF-α as a key driver18 , prior research has confirmed that prolonged exposure of RA-FLS to TNF-α leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibiting mitochondrial autophagy19, 20, which in turn induces and exacerbates the inflammatory process21, 22.