In such way, treatments with chemical chaperons, that reduce the burden of misfolded proteins and ROS (waste), have been highly beneficial intervention strategies in CS (Alupei et al., 2018; Qiang et al., 2021), and HGPS (Hamczyk et al., 2019) as well as those affecting the waste disposal pathway such as rapamycin, spermidine or NAD+ precursors. Here, ZMPSTE24 is linked to Cowden syndrome 1.