TNF and infection: The IFN-γ, in turn, activates macrophages (Tötemeyer et al., 2006; Basingnaa et al., 2018) that induce TNF-α secretion for infection containment and mycobacterial growth restriction (Mattos et al., 2010; Nemeth et al., 2011; Basingnaa et al., 2018).