TNF and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: c-Myc is downstream of multiple pathways that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of both preterm birth and BPD such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), Notch signaling, Wingless/Int-1 (Wnt) signaling, and Janus Kinase/Signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling (Green and Arck, 2020; Mathew, 2020).