VEGFA and gingivitis: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a proinflammatory mediator, contributes to increased microvascular permeability and stimulates the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, monocytes, and osteoblasts, essential for angiogenesis.(10) In periodontal tissue inflammation, VEGF is associated with the progression of gingivitis to periodontitis.(11) However, its role in peri-implantitis remains controversial.(12)