TNF and ulcerative colitis: Upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and NF-κB), decreased COX-2 level, detoxification of NO and MDA, and increased level of SOD can be proposed as underlying mechanisms of anti-ulcerative colitis activity of CHME and CHnHE.