Amelioration of colon ulcers and bleeding by CHME and CHnHE in a dose-dependent manner as observed in the present study has exhibited the anti-ulcerative colitis effect of C. haematocephala. This protective effect may be attributed to p-Coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid detected in both extracts as these phenolic acids have been documented to decrease the expression of TNF-α in a previous study (Mohammed et al., 2023). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is ulcerative colitis.