Consistent with our previous findings that IL-10 blockade allows the adjuvanted influenza vaccine to suppress tumor growth, these findings suggest that AdjFluVx treatment upregulates and activates TLR4 and TLR9 on regulatory B cells in a feed-forward manner, likely contributing to sustained IL-10 production and impeding any antitumor response (35). Here, TLR9 is linked to neoplasm.