Further investigation revealed that 4 PTP (PTPRM, PTPN13, PTPRG and PTPRB) and 3 DUSP (DUSP23, DUSP5 and DUSP2) were ubiquitous epigenetic outliers in all cancer cell models, highly expressed in at least one normal tissue (> 5 TPM) and maintained expression in their malignant counterpart prior to segregation based on promoter DNA methylation (Supplementary Fig. 8). This evidence concerns the gene DUSP23 and cancer.