TNF and neoplasm: Li et al. [148] developed third-generation GPC3-targeted CAR T cells (CARgpc3) and found that the cells exhibited a highly activated state, specifically in lysing tumour cells against GPC3- expressing lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) cells and producing a large number of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α) that suggest T cell activation.