CD4 and autoimmune disease: In summary, the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is closely related to intestinal flora, probiotics may alleviate autoimmune diseases by correcting intestinal flora imbalance, improving intestinal microecology, increasing intestinal wall compactness, inhibiting the translocation of bacteria and their metabolites, thereby inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling pathway, regulating CD4+ T cell differentiation, and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory factors [158].