GDF15 and coronary atherosclerosis: In a recent meta-analysis [19] involving 6,244 patients with chronic HF, elevated circulating GDF-15 concentration is associated with a 6% increase in the risk of all-cause mortality with an increase per 1LnU in baseline GDF-15 concentration,with pooled risk ratios 1.06 (95% CI:1.03–1.10, P < 0.001) among chronic HF patients, especially among those with ischemic etiology, such as coronary atherosclerosis.