Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IL-1, TGF-β, IL-21, and IL-17, have been detected in SLE patients and are associated with disease activity and organ involvement [104]. Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.