INS and diabetes mellitus: Meat intake increases insulin resistance (a precursor of diabetes mellitus) [45] due to (i) higher content of specific amino acids (such as branched chain amino acids) and fat; (ii) more deposition of visceral fat resulting in increased proinflammatory cytokines [46]; (iii) more fat accumulation within muscle and liver cells [47]; (iv) greater presence of haem iron, a pro-oxidant that encourages the production of reactive oxygen species and may damage insulin-producing pancreatic cells [48]; (v) presence of Nitrates and their by-products such as peroxy-nitrite [49].