ALB and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: After adjustment for the covariates including age, sex, and comorbidities (i.e., HTN, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and osteoporosis), other physical and clinical parameters with significant differences (p < 0.05) (i.e., ASMI, GS, BMI, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, BUN, albumin, HDLC, creatinine, cortisol and uric acid), and significantly changed metabolites, the analyses revealed that sex, HTN, and C14-carnitine were associated with an increased risk of mortality (p < 0.05).