TLR4 and colitis: In the present study, colonic TLR4 expression, phosphorylation levels of NF-κB (p65 and IκB), and MAPK (p38, ERK1/2, and JNK1/2) signaling pathway proteins were markedly elevated in mice with colitis compared with the control group, while Amy administration markedly decreased the TLR4 expression and phosphorylation levels of these pathway proteins.