These results were further corroborated in a separate study, showing that the neuroprotective properties of agmatine in this rotenone model of PD are not only associated with a decrease in TNF-α and IL-1β, but also with a reduction in the levels of malondialdehyde (a marker of lipid peroxidation) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker of astrocytic activation) [289]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Parkinson disease.