TLR4 and pulmonary fibrosis: Additionally, Wang and colleagues reported that, aside from downregulating TGF-β1/Smad3, resveratrol alleviated pulmonary fibrosis by downregulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in rats [94].