CSF2 and central nervous system cancer: Although the expression of GCSF and CD114, as well as that of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and its receptor, was found in all glioma tumors and cell cultures, the coexpression of both factors and their receptors was selectively observed in grade IV tumors (GBMs), and thus, the expression correlates with advanced tumor stage [11].