According to Sekino et al. the change in the intracellular localization of NF-κB by metformin may indicate that metformin exerts its antitumor effect by inhibiting EMT through NF-κB, thereby downregulating the progression of ESCC [89], while He et al., taking a step further, reported that metformin was found to inhibit migration and invasion of esophageal cancer cells (EC109) by downregulating the expression of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) and NF-κB (p65) [64]. Here, AKT1 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.