VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: In the context of atherosclerosis development, endothelial adhesion molecules including E-selectin, P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are released in response of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and C-reactive protein (CRP) inducing trans-endothelial migration of leukocytes [54,55,56,57].