TNF and atherosclerosis: In conclusion, dietary polyphenols such as pomegranate juice, nuts, resveratrol, Aronia melanocarpa Michx.-Elliott, Rumex acetosa L., luteolin, and many others have been proven to modulate the induction of PON-1 using different mechanisms of action, but it is strongly suggested that they lead to the same result, a reduced state of pro-inflammation (lower IL-1β, TNF-α IL-6) and lower chance atherosclerosis.