A recent study reported that TNF-α secretion from CD38+CD27−CD4+ T cells stimulated with ESAT6/CFP10 peptides had the best diagnostic accuracy, with a cutoff of 9.91% (exploratory: 96.67% specificity, 88.46% sensitivity; validation: 96.15% specificity, 90.16% sensitivity), and could discriminate treatment-naïve TB patients from individuals with treated TB after the completion of anti-TB treatment; moreover, validation was performed using whole blood in a blinded validation cohort comprising 165 individuals [105]. Here, CD38 is linked to tuberculosis.