Moving to animal models, lutein treatment over three months in ApoE-deficient mice, a model of genetic hypercholesterolemia with retinal alterations, significantly reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity, leading to improved retinal morphological alterations [85]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and Hypercholesterolemia.