MAVS and viral infectious disease: Additionally, multiple RNA sensing pathways have been reported to have synergistic effects in resisting viral infection by recognizing both endogenous and exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), including RNA sensor RIG-1 (RIG1) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) pathway [11], 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and RNase L pathway [12], and others.