INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Even though biomarkers such as glycemia or HbA1c are widely used for diagnosing T2D, presently, there is no biomarker that is able to predict the ongoing destruction of beta cells in the pancreas in the early stages of the disease as opposed to T1D, where specific autoantibodies against pancreatic islet cells or insulin are often present before the onset of symptoms and individuals at increased risk or in the early stages of T1D can be timely identified.