TNF and bacterial infectious disease: In bacterial infections, a CARD9 deficiency results in a decrease in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5) [20,21,22,23,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,37,38,40,42,49,51].