PTK2 and cancer: Laminin-332 promotes tumor progression by interacting with cell surface receptors, such as integrins, and affecting the related downstream signaling pathways that are involved in cancer cell migration and invasion, such as laminin-332-α3β1 integrin signaling (which can activate the FAK/Src/Rac1 pathway), laminin-332-α6β4 integrin signaling (which can activate the Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk pathway), or the PI3K/AKT pathway by recruiting receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) [25,48].