CXCL12 and neoplasm: Tumor-associated fibroblasts at the primary tumor site can secrete lymphangiogenic factors like VEGF-C, COX-2, HIF1 alpha chemokines like CCL21, CXCL12, which affect lymphatic endothelial cell permeability, adhesion molecule expression, migration to form nascent capillaries, and ECM remodeling [37].