However, despite IF1 promotion of metabolic reprogramming of cancer and non-cancer cells to an enhanced glycolytic phenotype in all of the cellular types that we studied (Figure 1), including hMSC [30] and reprogrammed iPSC [34], the overexpression of IF1 in lung, breast, and colon carcinomas correlates with a good prognosis for patients [4,5,23,24], suggesting that in these specific tissues, IF1 might exert tumor suppressor functions. This evidence concerns the gene ATP5IF1 and neoplasm.