In epidermoid carcinoma cells treated with VBL, doxorubicin, and VP-16, JNK activation was associated with apoptotic cell death, but only VBL induced the phosphorylation of c-Jun and activation of AP-1 [113]; JNK activation was also associated with apoptotic cell death in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells treated with PTX [114]. The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.