HGS and neoplasm: Moreover, a recent study on melanoma discovered that the loading of PD-L1 into TEX is mediated by the phosphorylation of hepatocyte-growth-factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS), a key component of the machinery which regulates the sorting of cargos into exosomes, suggesting that specifically inhibiting the phosphorylation of HRS in tumour cells could enhance the efficacy of ICI treatments [73].