In the last decade, efforts to better understand the cancer biology of this challenging tumor have revealed recurrent alterations in foundational signaling pathways within cell biology, such as tyrosine receptor pathways, RAS/MAPK, JAK/STAT, PIK3/AKT/mTOR, WNT/β-catenin, and cell cycle regulation [59,60,61,62,63]. The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is cancer.