TNF and osteoarthritis: Figure 1 shows the effect of the inflammatory response in a canine patient with a radioulnar fracture. Whittaker et al. [13] mention that during an inflammatory and chronic pain process, such as osteoarthritis (OA) or CCLR, immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages release substances and chemicals such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-10, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α); these are known as proinflammatory mediators since they increase local blood flow and, consequently, the surface temperature detected with IRT.